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Autodeterminación de género en el deporte: un análisis desde la perspectiva bioética y constitucional

José Rolando Cardenas Gonzales
José Jhordy Ventura Zurita
Resumen

Este artículo analiza críticamente las normativas deportivas que limitan la autodeterminación de género desde una perspectiva bioética y constitucional. Se argumenta que estas políticas, basadas en criterios biológicos como los niveles de testosterona, no solo violan principios fundamentales como la igualdad y la dignidad humana, sino que también perpetúan dinámicas de exclusión y discriminación. El impacto psicológico y social de estas regulaciones es significativo, afectando negativamente el bienestar de atletas intersexuales y reforzando narrativas transfóbicas. Además, se cuestiona la proporcionalidad de estas normativas, dado que a menudo carecen de justificación científica robusta y no consideran alternativas menos restrictivas. En contraste, se proponen reformas inclusivas y participativas que promuevan la justicia competitiva sin comprometer los derechos fundamentales. Este enfoque no sólo garantizaría la legitimidad de las normativas deportivas, sino que también fomentaría un entorno más equitativo y democrático, alineado con los valores constitucionales e internacionales de derechos humanos.

Palabras clave:
autodeterminación de género, normativas deportivas, bioética, derechos humanos, inclusión, justicia

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Cardenas Gonzales, J. R., & Ventura Zurita, J. J. (2025). Autodeterminación de género en el deporte: un análisis desde la perspectiva bioética y constitucional. Boletín Mexicano De Derecho Comparado, 58(173), e19834. https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24484873e.2025.173.19834

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